第十二章 埋置式結(jié)構和隧道襯砌
目 錄
12.1 范圍.................................................................................................................................................12-1
12.2—定義 .............................................................................................................................................12-1
12.3—符號 ..............................................................................................................................................12-1
12.4—土和材料特性................................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.1—土特性的測定......................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.1.1—一般規(guī)定...................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.1.2—基礎土.....................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.1.3—回填圍巖...................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.2—材料......................................................................................................................................12-9
12.4.2.1—鋁管和結(jié)構板結(jié)構..................................................................................................12-9
12.4.2.2—混凝土...................................................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.3—預制混凝土管........................................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.4—預制混凝土結(jié)構...................................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.5—鋼管和結(jié)構板結(jié)構...............................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.6—深波紋結(jié)構...........................................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.7—鋼筋.......................................................................................................................12-10
12.4.2.8—熱塑管...................................................................................................................12-10
12.5—極限狀態(tài)和抗力系數(shù)...................................................................................................................12-11
12.5.1—一般規(guī)定............................................................................................................................12-11
12.5.2—使用極限狀態(tài)....................................................................................................................12-11
12.5.3—強度極限狀態(tài)....................................................................................................................12-11
12.5.4—荷載修正系數(shù)和荷載系數(shù)................................................................................................12-12
12.5.5—抗力系數(shù)............................................................................................................................12-12
12.5.6—柔度限值和結(jié)構剛度........................................................................................................12-13
12.5.6.1—金屬波紋管和板式結(jié)構.....................................................................................12-13
12.5.6.2—螺旋肋金屬管和管拱.............................................................................................12-14
12.5.6.3—熱塑管.....................................................................................................................12-14
12.5.6.4—隧道襯砌鋼板.........................................................................................................12-15
12.6—一般設計特征................................................................................................................................12-15
12.6.1—荷載.....................................................................................................................................12-15
12.6.2—使用極限狀態(tài).....................................................................................................................12-15
12.6.2.1—容許位移..........................................................................................................12-15
12.6.2.2—沉降.........................................................................................................................12-15
12.6.2.2.1—一般規(guī)定.......................................................................................................12-15
12.6.2.2.2—縱向不均勻沉降...........................................................................................12-16
12.6.2.2.3—結(jié)構與回填土之間的不均勻沉降...............................................................12-16
12.6.2.2.4—基底沉降.......................................................................................................12-16
12.6.2.2.5—不平衡荷載..................................................................................................12-16
12.6.2.3—上拔力......................................................................................................................12-19
12.6.3—土破壞的安全性.............................................................................................................12-19
第十二章 埋置式結(jié)構和隧道襯砌
12‐II
12.6.3.1—支承抗力和穩(wěn)定性.................................................................................................12-19
12.6.3.2—金屬管拱的角隅回填..............................................................................................12-19
12.6.4—水力設計.............................................................................................................................12-19
12.6.5—沖刷.....................................................................................................................................12-19
12.6.6—圍巖.....................................................................................................................................12-20
12.6.6.1—槽壁法.....................................................................................................................12-20
12.6.6.2—筑堤法......................................................................................................................12-20
12.6.6.3—最小覆蓋層厚度......................................................................................................12-20
12.6.7—多行管之間的最小間距.....................................................................................................12-21
12.6.8—端部處理.............................................................................................................................12-21
12.6.8.1—一般規(guī)定..................................................................................................................12-21
12.6.8.2—斜交柔性涵洞..............................................................................................12-21
12.6.9—腐蝕和磨損情況................................................................................................................12-22
12.7—金屬管,、管拱和拱結(jié)構..................................................................................................................12-22
12.7.1—一般規(guī)定............................................................................................................................12-22
12.7.2—結(jié)構的安全性.........................................................................................................12-23
12.7.2.1—截面特性..................................................................................................................12-23
12.7.2.2—推力..........................................................................................................................12-23
12.7.2.3—壁抗力.....................................................................................................................12-23
12.7.2.4—壓屈抗力.................................................................................................................12-24
12.7.2.5—接縫抗力..................................................................................................................12-24
12.7.2.6—裝卸和安裝要求......................................................................................................12-24
12.7.3—光滑襯砌管道.....................................................................................................................12-24
12.7.4—結(jié)構板加強構件.....................................................................................................12-25
12.7.5—施工及安裝.........................................................................................................................12-25
12.8 —長跨板式結(jié)構...........................................................................................................................12-25
12.8.1—一般規(guī)定.............................................................................................................................12-25
12.8.2—使用極限狀態(tài).....................................................................................................................12-26
12.8.3—結(jié)構的安全性.........................................................................................................12-26
12.8.3.1—截面特性..................................................................................................................12-26
12.8.3.1.1—橫截面...........................................................................................................12-26
12.8.3.1.2—造型控制......................................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.1.3—力學與化學要求...........................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.2—推力..........................................................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.3—壁面積....................................................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.4—接縫強度.................................................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.5—可接受的特殊性能.................................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.5.1—連續(xù)縱向加勁肋...........................................................................................12-27
12.8.3.5.2—加強筋...........................................................................................................12-27
12.8.4—結(jié)構安全性—基礎設計............................................................................................12-28
12.8.4.1—沉降限值..................................................................................................................12-28
12.8.4.2—拱結(jié)構的基底反力..................................................................................................12-28
12.8.4.3—基礎設計..................................................................................................................12-29
12.8.5—結(jié)構安全性—圍巖的設計....................................................................................12-29
AASHTO LRFD 橋梁設計規(guī)范（2010）
12‐III
12.8.5.1—一般規(guī)定.................................................................................................................12-29
12.8.5.2—施工要求.................................................................................................................12-29
12.8.5.3—使用要求.................................................................................................................12-30
12.8.6—結(jié)構安全性—端部設計................................................................................12-32
12.8.6.1—一般規(guī)則..................................................................................................................12-32
12.8.6.2—標準殼端部類型.....................................................................................................12-32
12.8.6.3—平衡支撐..................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4—水工防護.................................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4.1—一般規(guī)定.......................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4.2—回填保護.......................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4.3—隔水墻...........................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4.4—水力上浮力..................................................................................................12-33
12.8.6.4.5—沖刷...............................................................................................................12-34
12.8.7—混凝土減載板...................................................................................................................12-34
12.8.8—施工與安裝.........................................................................................................................12-34
12.8.9—深波紋板式結(jié)構.............................................................................................................12-34
12.8.9.1—一般規(guī)定..................................................................................................................12-34
12.8.9.2—結(jié)構回填土的寬度..................................................................................................12-34
12.8.9.2.1—拱頂半徑和拱腋半徑之比≤5的深波紋結(jié)構 ............................................12-34
12.8.9.2.2—拱頂半徑和拱腋半徑之比>5的深波紋結(jié)構 ............................................12-34
12.8.9.3—防止結(jié)構失效的安全措施......................................................................................12-35
12.8.9.3.1—結(jié)構板要求........................................................................................12-35
12.8.9.3.2—結(jié)構分析......................................................................................................12-35
12.8.9.4—最小回填深度..........................................................................................................12-35
12.8.9.5—軸力和彎矩組合.....................................................................................................12-35
12.8.9.6—整體屈曲..................................................................................................................12-36
12.8.9.7—連接..........................................................................................................................12-37
12.9—板式箱形結(jié)構...........................................................................................................12-37
12.9.1—一般規(guī)定............................................................................................................................12-37
12.9.2—加載.....................................................................................................................................12-37
12.9.3—使用極限狀態(tài)....................................................................................................................12-37
12.9.4—結(jié)構安全性.........................................................................................................12-37
12.9.4.1—一般規(guī)定..................................................................................................................12-37
12.9.4.2—由設計極限荷載產(chǎn)生的彎矩..............................................................................12-38
12.9.4.3—塑性彎矩抗力.........................................................................................................12-40
12.9.4.4—拱頂土覆蓋層系數(shù)H C .........................................................................................12-41
12.9.4.5—基底反力.................................................................................................................12-41
12.9.4.6—混凝土減載板.........................................................................................................12-42
12.9.5—施工與安裝........................................................................................................................12-44
12.10—鋼筋混凝土管..............................................................................................................................12-44
12.10.1—一般規(guī)定..........................................................................................................................12-44
12.10.2 —荷載.................................................................................................................................12-44
12.10.2.1 —標準安裝..............................................................................................................12-44
第十二章 埋置式結(jié)構和隧道襯砌
12‐IV
12.10.2.2 —管內(nèi)流體重量..............................................................................................12-48
12.10.2.3—活載........................................................................................................................12-48
12.10.3—使用極限狀態(tài)..................................................................................................................12-48
12.10.4—結(jié)構安全性 .....................................................................................................12-48
12.10.4.1—一般規(guī)定...............................................................................................................12-48
12.10.4.2—直接設計法............................................................................................................12-48
12.10.4.2.1—荷載與壓力分布........................................................................................12-48
12.10.4.2.2 —管環(huán)受力分析...............................................................................12-49
12.10.4.2.3—加工及材料因素.........................................................................................12-49
12.10.4.2.4—強度極限狀態(tài)下的抗彎力........................................................................12-49
12.10.4.2.4a—環(huán)形鋼筋 ........................................................................................12-50
12.10.4.2.4b—最小鋼筋 ........................................................................................12-50
12.10.4.2.4c—無箍筋的最小受彎鋼筋 ................................................................12-51
12.10.4.2.4d—裂縫控制鋼筋......................................................................12-52
12.10.4.2.4e—最小混凝土保護層..........................................................................12-53
12.10.4.2.5 —無箍筋時的抗剪力....................................................................................12-54
12.10.4.2.6—有徑向箍筋的抗剪力.................................................................................12-55
12.10.4.2.7—箍筋錨固....................................................................................................12-56
12.10.4.2.7a—徑向拉伸箍筋錨固..........................................................................12-56
12.10.4.2.7b—剪力箍筋錨固...................................................................................12-56
12.10.4.2.7c—嵌入箍筋..........................................................................................12-56
12.10.4.3—間接設計法...........................................................................................................12-56
12.10.4.3.1—支撐抗力....................................................................................................12-56
12.10.4.3.2—管基系數(shù).....................................................................................................12-57
12.10.4.3.2a—圓管土荷載管基系數(shù)...........................................……………12-57
12.10.4.3.2b—拱形和橢圓形管的土荷載管基系數(shù)...............................................12-57
12.10.4.3.2c—活載管基因數(shù)...........................................................................…12-58
12.10.4.4—扇形鋼筋網(wǎng)設計................................................................................................12-59
12.10.4.4.1—最小鋼筋籠................................................................................................12-59
12.10.4.4.2—焊接金屬網(wǎng)設計長度...........................................................................12-59
12.10.4.4.3—完全焊接金屬網(wǎng)的組成鋼筋網(wǎng)的發(fā)展設計............................................12-59
12.10.4.4.4—變形鋼筋,、變形鋼絲,、變形鋼絲網(wǎng)組成的扇形鋼筋網(wǎng)的設計..............12-59
12.10.5—施工與安裝......................................................................................................................12-59
12.11—鋼筋混凝土現(xiàn)澆和預制箱涵及鋼筋混凝土現(xiàn)澆拱..................................................................12-59
12.11.1—一般規(guī)定...........................................................................................................................12-59
12.11.2—荷載和活載分布...............................................................................................................12-60
12.11.2.1—一般規(guī)定.............................................................................................................12-60
12.11.2.2—按土與結(jié)構相互作用修正土荷載.......................................................................12-60
12.11.2.2.1—路堤和槽壁條件..........................................................………………12-60
12.11.2.2.2—其他設施...................................................................................................12-62
12.11.2.3—集中荷載在箱涵底板上的分布...................................................................12-62
12.11.2.4—集中荷載在斜箱涵中的分布......................................................................12-63
12.11.3—使用極限狀態(tài).................................................................................................................12-63
12.11.4—結(jié)構安全性.....................................................................................................12-63
AASHTO LRFD 橋梁設計規(guī)范（2010）
12‐V
12.11.4.1—一般規(guī)定.....................................................................................................12-63
12.11.4.2—箱涵的設計彎矩..........................................................................................12-63
12.11.4.3—最少配筋...............................................................................................................12-64
12.11.4.3.1—現(xiàn)澆結(jié)構....................................................................................................12-64
12.11.4.3.2—預制箱形結(jié)構............................................................................................12-64
12.11.4.4—預制箱形結(jié)構的最小保護層...............................................................................12-64
12.11.5—施工及安裝......................................................................................................................12-64
12.12—熱塑管........................................................................................................................................12-64
12.12.1—一般規(guī)定.........................................................................................................................12-64
12.12.2—使用極限狀態(tài)..............................................................................................12-64
12.12.3—結(jié)構安全性.......................................................................................................12-65
12.12.3.1—一般規(guī)定..............................................................................................................12-65
12.12.3.2—截面特性............................................................................................................12-65
12.12.3.3—化學和力學要求...................................................................................................12-65
12.12.3.4—推力.....................................................................................................................12-66
12.12.3.5—壁抗力.................................................................................................……12-68
12.12.3.5.1—一般規(guī)定...................................................................................................12-68
12.12.3.5.2—壓屈..........................................................................................................12-68
12.12.3.5.3—壁管的局部屈曲抗力................................................................................12-69
12.12.3.5.3a—一般規(guī)定..........................................................................................12-69
12.12.3.5.3b—理想的管壁斷面..............................................................................12-69
12.12.3.5.3c—長細比和有效寬度..........................................................................12-70
12.12.3.5.4—組合應變.....................................................................................................12-71
12.12.3.5.4a—一般規(guī)定.........................................................................................12-71
12.12.3.5.4b—彎曲應變..........................................................................................12-72
12.12.3.6—裝卸和安裝要求...................................................................................................12-73
12.13—鋼隧道襯砌板.............................................................................................................................12-73
12.13.1—一般規(guī)定..........................................................................................................................12-73
12.13.2—荷載...................................................................................................................................12-73
12.13.2.1—土荷載..................................................................................................................12-73
12.13.2.2—活載.....................................................................................................................12-74
12.13.2.3—灌漿壓力................................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3—結(jié)構安全性.......................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3.1—截面特性...............................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3.2—壁面積....................................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3.3—壓屈........................................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3.4—接縫強度..............................................................................................................12-74
12.13.3.5—施工剛度............................................................................................................12-75
12.14—預制鋼筋混凝土三邊結(jié)構..........................................................................................................12-76
12.14.1—一般規(guī)則......................................................................................................................12-76
12.14.2—材料..................................................................................................................................12-76
12.14.2.1—混凝土..................................................................................................................12-76
12.14.2.2—鋼筋.......................................................................................................................12-76
12.14.3—鋼筋的混凝土保護層......................................................................................................12-76
第十二章 埋置式結(jié)構和隧道襯砌
12‐VI
12.14.4—幾何特性...........................................................................................................................12-77
12.14.5—設計...................................................................................................................................12-77
12.14.5.1—一般規(guī)定................................................................................................................12-77
12.14.5.2—在頂板和兩側(cè)集中荷載效應分布 ......................................................................12-77
12.14.5.3—在斜涵洞的集中荷載分布...................................................................................12-77
12.14.5.4—在涵洞階段間橫向接縫中的剪力傳遞...........................................................12-77
12.14.5.5—跨度......................................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.6—抗力系數(shù)..............................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.7—裂縫控制...............................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.8—最小配筋.............................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.9—在使用極限狀態(tài)撓度控制.................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.10—基礎設計.............................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.11—結(jié)構回填............................................................................................................12-78
12.14.5.12—沖刷防護和航道補償..........................................................................................12-78
12.15—參考文獻.....................................................................................................................................12-79
附錄A12-板,、管和管拱特性 ..........................................…………………………………………12-81